Apa 7 karolinska institutet universitetsbiblioteket

Referencing guide for APA 7

APA (American Psychological Association) fryst vatten a referencing style common within the fields of psychology and health sciences. APA fryst vatten a so-called author-number style. The bibliography should be placed at the end of the document, be arranged alphabetically bygd authors' gods names and should contain all necessary bibliographic upplysning. The in skrivelse, references should contain the author(s) and the year of publication within parenthesis.

KIB:s guide for APA fryst vatten especially for students at Karolinska Institutet. The references should be considered as recommendations based on APA 7 and in some cases with the support of Swedish cataloging rules for libraries. The guide for APA 7 was first published in 2020.

Always ask your supervisor or teacher which style to use and be consistent in your text. When in doubt, double kvitto with tjänsteman manuals, contact the library for support and discuss with your supervisor or teacher at KI before submitting your thesis or assignment.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title (edition). Publisher. DOI

Surname, X. X., & Surname, X. X. (Year). Title (edition). Publisher. DOI

Example

Neumann, D. A. (2017). Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for rehabilitation (3rd ed.). Elsevier.

Strachan, T., & Read, A. P. (2019). Human molecular genetics (5th ed.). CRC Press.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Neumann, 2017)
(Strachan & Read, 2019)

When the author or authors gets mentioned in the text

Neumann (2017) describes …
Strachan and Read (2019) develop …

More information

Please note that the authors should be arranged in the same beställning in the reference as in the source.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there fryst vatten no upplysning about the edition of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.”.
A Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet. Use the whole link starting with: https://doi.org/xxxxx.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., & Surname, X. X. (Year). Title (edition). Publisher. DOI

Example

Coad, J., Pedley, K., & Dunstall, M. (2020). Anatomy and physiology for midwives (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Knopik, V. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., DeFries, J. C., & Plomin, R. (2017). Behavioral genetics (7th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Coad et al., 2020)
(Knopik et al., 2017)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Coad et al. (2020) show that …
According to Knopik et al. (2017) …

More information

If there are 3 or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed bygd et al.
Please note that the authors should be arranged in the same beställning in the reference as in the source.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there fryst vatten no upplysning about the edition of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.".
A Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. If DOI fryst vatten available provide the entire link at the end of the reference as follows: https://doi.org/xxxxx.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Ed.). (Year).Title (edition). Publisher. DOI

Example

Alligood, M.R. (Ed.). (2017). Nursing theorists and their work. (9th ed.). Elsevier.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Alligood, 2017)

When the author are mentioned in the text

Alligood (2017) show that …

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more upplysning about how to refer to books with several editors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date.
Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there fryst vatten no kunskap about the edition of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.".
A Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. If a DOI-number fryst vatten available, add the entire link at the end of the reference: https://doi.org/xxxxx.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Author of chapter’s Surname, X. X. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor’s Surname (Ed.), Book Title (edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. DOI

Example

Spatz, D. L. (2014). The use of human milk and breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care enhet. In K. Wamback & J. Riordan (Eds.), Breastfeeding and human lactation (5th ed., pp. 469-522). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Skoog, T. (2013). Adolescent and adult implications of girls' pubertal synkronisering. In A-K. Andershed (Ed.), Girls at risk: Swedish longitudinal research on adjustment (pp. 9-34). Springer.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Spatz, 2014)
(Skoog, 2013)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Spatz (2014) explains that …
Skoog (2013) argues that …

More information

In skrivelse, refer to the author of the chapter.
Please see examples for books to find more data about how to refer to chapters with several authors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there fryst vatten no resultat about the edition of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.
Both chapter and page references are stated in the ord if chapters have separate pagination, example: (Polit & Beck, 2004, Part 2, p. 24)
A Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. If the book has a DOI, it should be placed gods in the reference as an link accordingly: https://doi.org/xxxxx.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title (edition). Publisher. DOI

Exemple

Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology (4. ed.). SAGE.

Steketee, G., & Frost R. O. (2014). Treatment for hoarding disorder. Therapist guide (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199334940.001.0001

In text

Parenthetical form

(Krippendorff, 2019, Chapter 10)
(Steketee & Frost, 2014, Chapter 2)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Krippendorff (2019, avsnitt 10) argues ...
Steketee & Frost (2014, Chapter 2) describe ...

More information

The reference fryst vatten written in the same way as the reference to the entire book or report. For more kunskap, see the reference alternatives for books and reports. No details about the chapter are stated.
In the citations in the skrivelse, insert kunskap about the chapter after the author's surname and year. Use the same begrepp and number as in the source.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Author of conference contribution’s Surname, X. X. (Year). Title of conference contribution. In X. Editor’s Surname (Ed.), Title of conference proceedings. (start pagenumber-end pagenumber). Publisher. DOI/URL

Example

Bärkås, A., Scandurra I., Hägglund, M. (2019). Analysis of voluntary user feedback of the Swedish National PAEHR service. In L. Ohno-Machado & B. Séroussi (Eds.), MEDINFO 2019: Health and Wellbeing e-Networks for All: Proceedings of the 17th World församling of Medical and Health Informatics (1126-1130). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI264

ln text

Parenthetical form

(Bärkås, et al., 2019)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Bjärkås et al. (2019) describe that …

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more resultat about how to refer to contributions with several authors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
A Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet. If a DOI-number fryst vatten available, add the entire link accordingly: https://doi.org/xxxxx.
Conference contributions can also be published as articles in journals; in such cases, follow the template for journal articles.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language the of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title (edition). DOI or URL

Example

Zeitler, P. S., & Nadeau, K. J. (2020). Insulin Resistance. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25057-7

In text

Parenthetical form

(Zeitler & Nadeau, 2020)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Zeitler and Nadeau (2020) …

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more upplysning about how to refer to e-books with several authors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
An e-book from an academic research database should be treated as an authored print book. Do not include a URL or database data for works from academic research databases.
DA Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet. If DOI-number fryst vatten available this fryst vatten placed as link at the end of the reference accordingly: https://doi.org/xxxxx.
If the e-book fryst vatten freely available on the web and does not have a DOI, enter the URL address instead.
Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there fryst vatten no kunskap about the edition of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.”

Template

Author’s surname, X. X. (Year). Title. (X. X. Translator’s surname, Trans. edition). Publisher. (Original work published)

Example

Foucault, M. (2011). Madness: The invention of an idea. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Harper Perennial Modern Thought. (Original work published 1954)

In text

Parenthetical form

(Foucault, 2011)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Foucault (2011) argues that …

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more resultat about how to refer to translated books with several authors.
Information regarding the title, edition, publisher, and place of publication should apply to the translation (not the original).
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Information about the edition shall be stated if you use any other edition than the first one. If there fryst vatten no upplysning about the edition of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first edition. Use the abbreviation “ed.”
A Digital object identifier (DOI), fryst vatten a unique, permanent identification number that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (in press). Title. Publisher.

Example

Fleischman, A. R. (in press). Pediatric Ethics. Protecting the Interests of Children. Oxford University Press.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Fleischman, in press)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Fleischman (in press) describes …

More information

If the manuscript of a book has been accepted for publication bygd a publisher but fryst vatten not yet published, use the phrase in press instead on the publication year.
Please see the examples for books to find more data about how to refer to books with several authors or editors.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title. Journal, volume(issue), beginning page-last page. DOI

Surname, X. X., & Surname, X. X. (Year). Title. Journal, volume(issue), beginning page-last page. DOI

Example

Carlsson M. (2020). Self-reported competence in kvinnlig and male nursing students in the light of theories of hegemonic masculinity and femininity. Journal of advanced nursing, 76(1), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14220

Smith, D. L., & Claytor, R. P. (2018). An acute bout of aerobic exercise reduces movement time in a Fitts' task. PloS One, 13(12), Article e0210195. https:/doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210195

In text

Parenthetical form

(Carlsson, 2020)
(Smith & Claytor, 2018)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Carlsson (2014) …
Smith and Claytor (2018) describe ...

More information

Please note that the authors should be arranged in the same beställning in the reference as in the source.
If upplysning fryst vatten missing, for example regarding issue or page numbers, this resultat fryst vatten omitted from your reference.
Digital object identifier (DOI) fryst vatten a unique number that identifies a specific source and provides a persistent link to it. If an electronic article does not have a DOI-number, and the article was accessed online from a non-database website, the URL fryst vatten stated instead. If the article was accessed in print or retrieved from an academic database, no URL fryst vatten included.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Example

Fulk, G., Duncan, P., & Klingman, K. J. (2020). sova problems worsen health-related quality of life and participation during the first 12 months of stroke rehabilitation. Clinical rehabilitation, 34(11), 1400–1408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520935940

Ho, F. K. W. , Louie, L. H. T., Wong, W. H., efternamn, K. L., Tiwari, A., Chow, C. B., Ho, W., Wong, W., Chan, M., Chen, E. Y. H., Cheung, Y. F., & Ip, P. (2017). A sports-based ungdom development schema, teen mental health, and physical fitness: An RCT. Pediatrics, 140(4), Article e20171543. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1543

In text

Parenthetical form

(Fulk et al., 2020)
(Ho et al., 2017)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

According to Fulk et al. (2020)…
Ho et al. (2017) show that ...

More information

Please note that the authors should be arranged in the same beställning in the reference as in the source.
In-text citations for works with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author and the abbreviation "et al".
If upplysning fryst vatten missing, for example regarding issue or page numbers, this kunskap fryst vatten omitted from your reference.
Digital object identifier (DOI) fryst vatten a unique number that identifies a specific source and provides a persistent link to it. If an electronic article does not have a DOI-number, and the article was accessed online from a non-database website, the URL fryst vatten stated instead. If the article was accessed in print or retrieved from an academic database, no URL fryst vatten included.

Template

Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., Surname, X. X., … Surname, X. X. (Year). Title. Journal, volume(issue), beginning page-last page. DOI

Exempel

Perl A. E., Martinelli G., Cortes J. E., Neubauer, A., Berman, E., Paolini, S., Montesinos, P., Baer, M. R., Larson, R. A., Ustun, C., Fabbiano, F., Erba, H. P., Di Stasi, A., Stuart, R., Olin, R., Kasner, M., Ciceri, F., Chou, W.-C., ... Levis, M. J. (2019). Gilteritinib or chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory FLT3-mutated AML. New England Journal of medicin. 381(18), 1728–1740. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1902688

Ding, K. J., Cammann, V. L., Szawan, K. A., Stähli, B. E., Wischnewsky, M., Di Vece, D., Citro R., Jaguszewski M., Seifert B., Sarcon A., Knorr M., Heiner S., Gili S., D'Ascenzo F., Neuhaus M., Napp L. C., Franke J., Noutsias M., Burgdorf C., … Templin, C. (2020). Intraventricular thrombus formation and embolism in takotsubo syndrome: Insights from the international takotsubo registry. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 40(1), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313491

In text

Parenthetical form

(Perl et al., 2019)

(Ding et al., 2020)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

According to Perl et al. (2019)…

Ding et al. (2020) describe...

More information

Please note that the authors should be arranged in the same beställning in the reference as in the source
When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the sista author’s name.
In-text citations for works with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author and the abbreviation "et al."
If kunskap fryst vatten missing, for example regarding issue or page numbers, this upplysning fryst vatten omitted from your reference
Digital object identifier (DOI) fryst vatten a unique number that identifies a specific source and provides a persistent link to it. If an electronic article does not have a DOI-number, and the article was accessed online from a non-database website, the URL fryst vatten stated instead. If the article was accessed in print or retrieved from an academic database, no URL fryst vatten included.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source

Template

Surname, X. X. (in press). Title. Journal. DOI

Example

Bennich, B. B., Munch, L., Overgaard, D., Konradsen, H., Knop, F. K., Røder, M., Vilsbøll, T. & Egerod, inom. (in press). Experience of family function, family involvement, and self‐management in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A thematic analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing.

In text

Parenthetical form

Bennich et al. (in press)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Bennich et al. (in press) describe ...

More information

If an article had been accepted for publication bygd a journal but fryst vatten not yet published, use the phrase in press instead on the publication year.
Please see the examples for journal articles to find more data about how to refer to articles with several authors.
Digital object identifier (DOI) fryst vatten a unique number that identifies a specific source and provides a persistent link to it. If an electronic article does not have a DOI-number, and the article was accessed online from a nondatabase website, the URL fryst vatten stated instead. If the article was accessed in print or retrieved from an academic database, no URL fryst vatten included.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (date). Title. Article. Journal. Advance online publication. DOI

Surname, X. X. (in press). Title. Journal. DOI

Example

Ross, J. A., Vissers, J., Nanda, J., Stewart, G. D., Husi, H., Habib, F. K., Hammond, D.E., & Gethings, L. A. (2020). The influence of hypoxia on the prostate cancer proteome. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Förhandspublicering online. https:/doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0626

Lee, J. E., Lee, J., Lee, H., Park, J. K., Park, Y., & Choi, W. S. (2020). End-of-life care needs for noncancer patients who want to die at home in South Korea. International Journal of Nursing Practice. nyhet e12808. Förhandspublicering online. https:/doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12808

Bennich, B. B., Munch, L., Overgaard, D., Konradsen, H., Knop, F. K., Røder, M., Vilsbøll, T., & Egerod, inom. (under utgivning). Experience of family function, family involvement, and self‐management in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A thematic analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing.

Rothstein, M. & Simoes-Costa, M. (under utgivning). Heterodimerization of TFAP2 pionjär factors drives epigenomic remodeling during neural crest specification. Genome Research. https:/doi.org/10.1101/gr.249680.119

In text

Parenthetical form

(Ross et al., 2020)
(Lee et al., 2020)
(Bennich et al., in press)
(Rothstein & Simoes-Costa, in press)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

According to Ross et al. (2019) …
Lee et al. (2020) discuss…
Bennich et al. (in press) shows ...
Rothstein and Simoes-Costa (in press) argues that ...

More information

If an article has been published online ahead of the print utgåva, you can use the year it was published online, and then add the phrase "Advance online publication" prior to the DOI.
If an article has been accepted for publication bygd a journal but fryst vatten not yet published, use the phrase in press instead of the publication year.
Turn to the examples for journal articles to find how to cite articles with several authors..
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.
Digital object identifier (DOI) fryst vatten a unique number that identifies a specific source and provides a persistent link to it. If an electronic article does not have a DOI-number, and the article was accessed online from a non database website, the URL fryst vatten stated instead. If the article was accessed in print or retrieved from an academic database, no URL fryst vatten included.

Template

Surname. X. X. (Year, Date). Title of article. Title of newspaper. URL/ Section part

Example

Grady, D. (2020, January 9). Vaping kills a 15-year-old in Texas. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/health/teen-vaping-death.html

In text

Parenthetical form

(Grady, 2020)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Grady (2020) describes …

More information

Please see the examples for journal articles to find more resultat about how to refer to newspaper articles with several authors
Include URL for newspaper articles in electronic struktur and the section part for newspaper articles in printed form.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

See "More information" below.

Example

Stirling J. D., & Elliott R. (2008). Introducing neuropsychology (2. ed.). Psychology Press.

Stoyanov, S. R., Hides, L., Kavanagh, D. J., Zelenko, O., Tjondronegoro, D., & besatthet, M. (2015). Mobile app rating scale: A new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 3(1).

In text

Paranthetical form

(Stirling & Elliott, 2008, Appendix)
(Stoyanov et al., 2015, Appendix 2)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Stirling samt Elliott (2008, Appendix) describe...
Stoyanov et al. (2015, Appendix 2) examine...

More information

The reference fryst vatten written in the same way as the reference to the entire reference. For more resultat, please see the type of source where the appendix fryst vatten included, for example book or journal article. No details about the appendix are stated.
In the citations in the skrivelse, insert data about the appendix after the author's surname and year. Use the same begrepp and number as in the source. If there fryst vatten only one appendix, no number fryst vatten needed.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title (Title of series Serial number). Publisher. URL

Example

Grundy, J., Dakulala, P., Wai, K., Maalsen, A., & Whittaker, M. (2019). Independent state of Papua New Guinea health struktur review. (M. Whittaker & N. Smith Eds., Health Systems in Transition, Vol. 9 No. 1). World Health Organization, Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/280088

In text

Parenthetical form

(Grundy et al., 2019)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Grundy et al. (2019) ...

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more upplysning about how to refer to books with several authors or editors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
If resultat fryst vatten missing, for example regarding series or serial numbers, this upplysning fryst vatten omitted from your reference.
For reports in printed struktur, omit the upplysning about URL.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Organisation. (Year). Title (Title of series Serial number). Publisher. URL

Example

World Health Organization. Department of fortplantnings- Health and Research. (2019). Respect women: Preventing violence against women (WHO/RHR/18.19). https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/preventing-vaw-framework-policymakers/en/

In text

Parenthetical form

(World Health Organization. Department of fortplantnings- Health and Research [WHO/RHR], 2019)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to World Health organization, Department of fortplantnings- Health and Research (WHO/RHR, 2019)...

Following citations

(WHO/RHR, 2019)
WHO/RHR (2019) describes …

More information

If data fryst vatten missing, for example regarding series or serial numbers, this upplysning fryst vatten omitted from your reference.
When the author and publisher are the same, omit data about the publisher in the source element.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
For reports in printed form eller gestalt, omit the kunskap about URL.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your ord and not bygd the language of the source.

Dissertations and grad projects

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title. [Doctoral thesis/Licentiate thesis, University]. Database Name/ Archive name. URL

Example

Ahmed, S. (2020). Healthcare financing challenges and opportunities to achieving universal health coverage in the low- and middle-income country context. [Doctoral thesis, Karolinska Institutet]. Karolinska Institutet Open Archive. https://openarchive.ki.se/xmlui/handle/10616/46957

Marten, M. G. (2014). Aid withdrawal and health care sustainability: Shifting mandates in health institutions and HIV/AIDS programs in Tanzania. (Publication no. 3691350) [Docoral thesis, University of Florida]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Ahmed, 2020)
(Marten, 2014)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Ahmed (2020) shows that …
According to Marten (2014) ...

More information

If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
In many countries, theses can only be retrieved in subscription databases. In such cases, state the name of the database and beställning number or accession number.
For theses in printed form eller gestalt, omit the upplysning about URL/database.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Year). Title. [Degree project/Bachelor's thesis/ Master's thesis, University]. Database name/ Archive name. URL

Example

Garcia Sanchez, C. (2019). Investigation on Time Spent on Caries Prevention in Västerbotten Public Dental Service Clinics: A secondary analysis of information from a longitudinal caries study. [Examensarbete, Karolinska Institutet]. Karolinska Institutet Open Archive. http://hdl.handle.net/10616/45471

Garcia Sanchez, C. (2019). Investigation on Time Spent on Caries Prevention in Västerbotten Public Dental Service Clinics: A secondary analysis of uppgifter from a longitudinal caries study. [Master's thesis, Uppsala University]. primadonna. http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1345501/FULLTEXT01.pdf

In text

Parenthetical form

(Garcia Sanchez, 2019)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Garcia Sanchez (2019) describes ...

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more kunskap about how to refer to books with several authors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source.
For theses in printed form eller gestalt, omit the kunskap about URL.

Template

Surname, X. X./Organization. (Date). Title. URL

Example

Avramova, N. (2019, January 19). The Secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think agepositive.. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html

Bologna, C. (2018, June 27). What happens to your mind and body when you feel homesick?. HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/what-happens-min-body-omesick_us_5b201ebde4b09d7a3d77eee1

World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety. http://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/

In text

Paranthetical form

(Avramova, 2019)
(Bologna, 2018)
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2018)

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Avramova (2019) …
Bologna (2018) indicates that...
World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) describe...

Following citations

(Avramova, 2019)
According to Avramova (2019) …
(Bologna, 2018)
Bologna (2018) indicates that...
(WHO, 2018)
According to WHO (2018) ...

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more resultat about how to refer to webpages and websites with several creators.
When a URL fryst vatten long or complex, you may use shortened URLs if desired, as long as you kontroll the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location.
Include a retrieval date if the contents of the page are designed to change over time and the page itself fryst vatten not archived. Set the date between website name and URL as follows: Retrieved Month date, year, from (Retrieved October 23, 2020, from http://...)
Dates are based on when the website was gods updated. Specify date as precisely as possible. If only year fryst vatten available, use only year. If no publication year fryst vatten available, use (n.d.), short for no date, instead, in skrivelse and reference list.
If there fryst vatten an established and well-known abbreviation for an authority, department or organization, you can use this tillsammans with the name in full the first time the reference fryst vatten mentioned. After this, you only use the abbreviation. If the full name fryst vatten short or if the abbreviation fryst vatten unknown, it fryst vatten better to write the full name each time.
If you use more than one webpage from the same website, create a reference for each page.
In addition to webpages, such as the one above, websites can host several different types of documents, for example reports, pdf-files or books. You refer to these in the same way as to the printed versions, but also add URL or DOI at the end.
If there fryst vatten a reference to an entire website in the ord, the website fryst vatten not included in the reference list, only in the ord, and the URL to the entire website must be stated. For example “We used Padlet (https://padlet.com) for our questionnaire”.

Template

Author, X.X/Name of group. (Date). Title [ev. Description of audiovisuals] [Status update]. Site name. URL

Example

Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). Rohingya refugees could be at serious fara during Bangladesh’s monsoon årstid. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD

News From Science (26 juni 2018). These frogs walk instead of hop: https://scim.ag/2KIriwH [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/videos/10155508587605108/

In text

Paranthetical form

(Gaiman, 2018)
(News From Science, 2018)

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Gaiman (2018) ...
News From Science (2018) shows ...

More information

This format can be used for posts to other social media services, including Tumblr, LinkedIn and so forth.
The title of the social media brev fryst vatten made out of the first twenty words of the post..
If the social media brev includes images (including animated gifs), videos, thumbnail link to outside sources, links to other tweets (as in a retweet with comment, or a poll, include that in square brackets.
Replicate emojis if possible. If you are not able to create the emoji, provide the emoji’s name in square brackets [face with tears of joy emoji]. When calculating the number of words for the title, count an emoji as one word.
Private Facebook pages that are not accessible to the public should be treated as anställda communication and should only be cited in the text.
If an URL fryst vatten long or complex, you may use shortened URLs (see Gaiman example above) if desired. Any shortened URL fryst vatten acceptable in a reference as long as you betalningsmedel the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location.

Template

Surname, A. A. (Year, date). Title [Blog post]. Retrieved from URL

Example

Besselink, A. (2011, October 3). fryst vatten non-evidence-based clinical practice an ethical dilemma? [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.allanbesselink.com/blog/smart/854-is-non-evidence-based-clinical-practice-an-ethical-dilemma

In text

Parenthetical form

(Besselink, 2011)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Besselink (2011) states that ...

More information

The title of the blog brev fryst vatten not written in italics
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source

Template

Last name, X. X. [@username]. (Date). Title [Post]. Site name. URL

Last name, X. X. [@username]. (Date). Title [Tweet]. Site name. URL

Example

Obama, B. [POTUS44]. (2015, June 25). Women can no längre be charged more for health coverage just for being women. [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/614111236620427265

APA Education [@APAEducation]. (2018, June 29). College students are forming mental-health clubs – and they’re making a difference @washingtonpost. [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/apaeducation/status/1012810490530140161

White, B. [@BettyMWhite]. (2018, June 21). I treasure every minute we spent tillsammans #koko. [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BettyMWhite/status/1009951892846227456

In text

Parenthetical form

(Obama, 2015)

(APA Education, 2018)

(White, 2018)

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Obama (2015) states...

In APA Education (2018) there is…

As vit (2018) writes…

More information

If the name of the author fryst vatten known, use the author’s gods name and surname initial(s). If a group or organization fryst vatten behind the twitter identity, use the real name of the group. State the Twitter username within square brackets.
However, if the name of the author fryst vatten unknown, use the Twitter username without square brackets.
The title of the tweet fryst vatten made out of the first twenty words in the tweet.
If he tweet includes images (including animated gifs), videos, thumbnail link to outside sources, links to other tweets (as in a retweet with comment, or a poll, include that in square brackets.
Replicate emojis if possible. If you are not able to create the emoji, provide the emoji’s name in square brackets [face with tears of joy emoji]. When beräkning the number of words for the title, count an emoji as one word.

Template

Film or TV show

Surname, X. X. (Director). (Year). Title [Film/DVD/TV show]. Production Company. URL

TV series episode or webisode

Surname, X. X. (Writer), & Surname, X. X. (Director). (Date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In X. X. Surname (Executive producer), Title of TV series. Production Company. URL

Film or film in another language

Surname, X. X. (Director). (Year). Original title [Translated title] [Film/DVD/TV-show]. Production Company. URL

Examples

Film or TV-show

Forman, M. (Director). (1975). One flew over the cuckoo's nest [Film]. Memfis bio AB.

Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The Lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-disc special extended ed. On DVD]. WingNut Films & The Saul Zaentz Company.

Film or film in another language

Besson, L. (Director). (1988). Le grand bleu [The big blue] [Film]. Gaumont & fransk artikel Films ni Loup.

TV series episode or webisode

OOakley, B. (Writer), Weinstein, J. (Writer), & Lynch, J. (Director), (1995, May 21). Who shot Mr. Burns? (Part One) (Season 6, Episode 25) [TV series episode] In D. Mirkin, J. L. Brooks, M. Groenig, & S. Simon (Executive Producers), The Simpsons. Gracie Films; Twentieth Century Fox bio Corporation.

In text

Paranthetical form

(Forman, 1975)
(Jackson, 2001)
(Besson, 1988)
(Oakley et al., 1995)

When the director or writer fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Forman (1975) describes …
As Jackson (2001) begins…
According to Besson (1988) …
In Oakley at al. (1995) there is…

More information

Please see the examples for books to find more upplysning about how to refer to films/video/TV-programmes with several creators.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Describe the audiovisual work in square brackets – for example, ”[Film],” “[TV show],” and so forth in the title element of the reference.
The director should be credited as the author of a rulle. However, if the director fryst vatten unknown, someone in a similar role can be credited instead to aid readers in retrieving the work.
When a URL fryst vatten long or complex, you may use shortened URLs if desired, as long as you kvitto the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location.

Template

Surname, X. X./Organization. (Date). Title [Video]. Production Company/Label. URL

Example

Gapminder Foundation. (2014, månad 14). The relation between ebola & extreme poverty goes both ways – Factpod #9 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7m1E5nIRqg

Karolinska Institutet lärling Blogs. (2019, månad 17). 73 Questions With a Karolinska Institutet lärjunge – Flemingsberg Apartment [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PknVc_e5d8

Karolinska Institutet. (2019, September 5). Vad kunna man ett fåtal hjälp tillsammans med vid biblioteket? [Video] KI Play. https://play.ki.se/media/Vad+kan+man+f%C3%A5+hj%C3%A4lp+med+p%C3%A5+biblioteketF/0_1e8kcxjr

In text

Paranthetical form

(Gapminder Foundation, 2014)
(Karolinska Institutet lärjunge Blogs, 2019)

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Gapminder Foundation (2014) states…
According to Karolinska Institutet lärjunge Blogs (2019)

More information

The individ or organisation who uploaded the film fryst vatten credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work. Note the contributions of others who appear in the film in the ord narrative if desired: Rosing speaks about poverty (Gapminder Foundation, 2014)…
When a URL fryst vatten long or complex, you may use shortened URLs if desired, as long as you betalningsmedel the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location.

Template directly below image/figure/table

From/Adapted from Title [Type of media/Description], bygd Author, X. X./Organization, date, source. (URL). Licence

Template for list of references

Creator, X.X./Organization./User name. (Date). Title [Type of media/Description]. Source. URL

Example

From X-ray of the heelbone with plantar fasciitis [Photography], bygd Monfils, L., 2008, Wikipedia. (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantar_fasciitis#mediaviewer/File:Fasciitis.jpg). CC bygd SA 3.0

From Eye [Photography], bygd ni Rietz, C.B., 2014, Flickr. (https://www.flickr.com/photos/cbdurietz/15687017165/) CC bygd 2.0

Example in list of references

Monfils, L. (2008). X-ray of the heelbone with plantar fasciitis [Photography]. Wikipedia. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantar_fasciitis#mediaviewer/File:Fasciitis.jpg

CB ni Rietz. (2014). Eye [Photography]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/cbdurietz/15687017165/

In text

Parenthetical form

(Monfils, 2008)
(CB ni Rietz, 2014)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Monfils (2008) shows…
CB ni Rietz (2014) explains…

More information

If the license associated with clip art or a lager image says that attribution fryst vatten required, then provide a copyright attribution in the figure note and a reference list entry for the image in the reference list. Many (but not all) images with Creative Commons licenses require attribution.
To use the image as a figure in an APA Style paper, provide a figure number and title and then the image. Below the image, provide a copyright attribution in the figure note. In a framställning, the figure number and title are valfritt but the note containing the copyright attribution fryst vatten required.
The copyright attribution fryst vatten used instead of an in-text citation. The copyright attribution consists of the same elements as the reference list entry, but in a different beställning (title, author, date, site name, URL), followed bygd the name of the Creative Commons License.
Place the citation directly below the image/figure/table.
Also provide a reference list entry for the image. The reference list entry for the image consists of its author, year of publication, title, description in brackets, and source (usually the name of the website and the URL).
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
No URL fryst vatten needed if the image isn’t available on the Internet.
For more about licenses, titta https://creativecommons.org/about.
For AI-generated images, titta the template for Software, AI-tools and Mobile apps. Remember that the reference should also be located next to the image, as above.

Template

Surname, X.X. (Host). (Date). Title (Episode no.) [Audio podcast episode]. In title. Production Company. URL

Example

Andersson, A & Odlind, C. (Host). (2022, November 2). vad existerar autism? (No. 106) [Audio podcast episode]. In Medicinvetarna. Karolinska Institutet. https://tinyurl.com/9yc4mwd2

Glass, inom. (host). (2011, August 12). Amusement Park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In This American life. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusement-park

In text

parenthetical form

(Andersson & Odlind, 2022)
(Glass, 2011)

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Andersson samt Odlind (2022) states that…
Even though Glass (2022) doesn’t agree…

More Information

•   List the host of the podcast as the author and include their role in parentheses.
•   Provide the episode number after the title in parentheses. If the podcast does not number episodes, omit the number from the reference.
•   Specify the type of podcst (audio or video) in square brackets.
•   If the URL of the podcast fryst vatten unknown (e.g. if accessed via an app), omit the URL.

Template

Author, X.X./Organization (Date). Title of work/Name of Equipment (Version) [Computer software/Mobile app/Large language model]. Publisher/App Store. URL

Example

Skyscape. (2020). Skyscape Medical Resources (Version 2.6.24) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/skyscape-medical-library/id818609413

Region huvudstaden. (2023). Alltid öppet (Version 1.17.42) [Mobile app]. https://rcc.incanet.se/Login/?ReturnUrl=%2F

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT 3.5 (Version November 21, 2023) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/

Microsoft Bing. (2024). Copilot (Version January 2024) [Large language model]. https://www.bing.com/chat

You.com. (2024). YouImagine – AI Image Generator [text-to-image model]. https://you.com/search?q=ai&fromSearchBar=true&tbm=imagine&chatMode=default

In text

Paranthetical form

(Skyscape, 2020)
(Region huvudstaden, 2023)
(OpenAI, 2023)
(Microsoft Bing, 2024)
(You.com, 2024)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Skyscape (2020) ...
område huvudstaden (2023) uses its app for...
This fryst vatten how OpenAI (2023) answered when…
Microsoft Bing (2024) interpreted the phenomenon…

More information

Common software and mobile apps mentioned in the skrivelse, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations. “Common” fryst vatten relative to your audience – exampes include Microsoft Office, social media apps (e.g. Facebook, Twitter), survey software, Adobe products, Java and statistical programs (e.g. SPSS).
The date of a computer software or mobile app reference fryst vatten the year of publication of the utgåva used.
The date of an AI-tool fryst vatten the year of the utgåva you used. You need to include only the year, not the exact date. The utgåva number provides the specific date upplysning a reader might need.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
You should never use a skrivelse generated in an AI tool as your own, but AI generated ämne can be used as e.g. study ämne or grund for discussion. Whenever you paraphrase, quote, or incorporate into your own work any content from a generative AI tool (whether ord, image, uppgifter, or other) man sure you cite the tool you used to create it.
AI generated ämne fryst vatten always unique, therefore it fryst vatten a good idea to kopia the ämne (prompt and generated material) as an attatchment to your work.

Template

Author, X. X./Organization. (Date). Title. (Version) [Data set/Unpublished raw data]. Publisher/Source of unpublished uppgifter. DOI/URL

Example

Palin, K., Pitkänen, E., Turunen, M., Sahu, B., Pihlajamaa, P., Kivioja, T., … Aaltonen, L. (2018). Contribution of allelic imbalance to colorectal cancer [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1222172

Andersen, L. M. (2017). Data for group analyses in the Frontiers Reseach Topic: From raw MEG/EEG to publication: How to perform MEG/EEG group analysis with free academic software [Data set]. utgåva 2. Zenodo. https://doi.org/zenodo.1134776

Socialstyrelsen. (n.d.). Statistical database, cause of death [Data set]. https://sdb.socialstyrelsen.se/if_dor/val_eng.aspx

World Health Organization. (2018). Adolescent birth rate. information bygd country [Data set]. Global Health Observatory information repository. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.REPADO39?lang=en

In text

Parenthetical form

(Palin et al., 2018)
(Andersen, 2017)
(Socialstyrelsen, n.d.)
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2018)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Palin et al. (2018) claims that ...
Andersen (2017) describe …
According to Socialstyrelsen (n.d.) ...
World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) develops...

Following citations

(Palin et al., 2018)
Palin et al. (2018) claims that ...
(Andersen, 2017)
Andersen (2017) describe…
(Socialstyrelsen, n.d.)
According to Socialstyrelsen (n.d.) ...
(WHO, 2018)
According to WHO (2018) ...

More information

Please see the examples for articles to find more resultat about how to refer to information sets with several creators.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Information about the utgåva shall be stated if you use any other utgåva than the first one. If there fryst vatten no data about the utgåva of your source, you can assume that it fryst vatten the first version.
If there fryst vatten an established and well-known abbreviation for an authority, department or organization, you can use this tillsammans with the name in full the first time the reference fryst vatten mentioned. After this, you only use the abbreviation. If the full name fryst vatten short or if the abbreviation fryst vatten unknown, it fryst vatten better to write the full name each time.

Template

University. (Year). Title of curriculum. Place: University, Department.

Example

Karolinska Institutet. (2018). Utbildningsplan på grund av sjuksköterskeprogrammet 1SJ13. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Styrelsen till utbildning.

Electronic form

Karolinska Institutet. (2018). Utbildningsplan till sjuksköterskeprogrammet 1SJ13. Retrieved from http://www.ki.se/ua/utbildningsplan/1SJ13.pdf

In text

Parenthetical form

(Karolinska Institutet, 2018)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According tot Karolinska Institutet (2018) …

More information

If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead
The terms that are used in the references (for example editor, chapter, edition) are determined bygd the language of your skrivelse and not bygd the language of the source

Template

Surname, X. X./Organization. (Date). Title. [ev. Description of audiovisuals]. Name of learning management system/company intranet. URL login page

Example

Undervisning samt utbildning, Karolinska Institutet. (2020) Introduction: Knowledge and learning. Canvas. https://utbildning.ki.se/logga-in-i-canvaslog-in-to-canvas

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations. [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

In text

Paranthetical form

(Undervisning samt utbildning, Karolinska Institutet, 2020)
(Mack & Spake, 2018)

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to utbildning samt utbildning at Karolinska Institutet (2020) …
Mack and Spake (2020) shows that ....

More information

If the resultat komma from a classroom website, learning management struktur (e.g. Canvas), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with tillgång to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).
If the work fryst vatten intended for a wider audience who will not have tillgång to these sources, cite the sources as anställda communication.

Template

Organization (Date). Entry begrepp. In Title. Retrieved date, from URL
Author, X. X. (Date). Entry begrepp. In Title. Publisher. Retrieved date, from URL

Example

American Psychological Association. (n.d.) positiv överföring. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved August 31, 2019, from https://dictionary.apa.org/positive-transference

National Library of medicin. (n.d.) Rinitis, Allergic, Seasonal. In MeSH Database. Publisher. Retrieved November 20, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/?term=hayfever

Graham, G. (2019) Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. (Summer 2019 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ sum2019/entries/behaviorism/

In text

Paranthetical form

(American Psychological Association, n.d.)
(National Library of medicin, n.d.)
(Graham, 2019)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

American Psychological Association (n.d.) claims…
National Library of medicin (n.d.) seem to…
According to Graham (2019)…

More information

The Graham example fryst vatten structured similarly to the reference for a chapter in an edited book because the entry has an individual author, the encyclopedia has an editor and the whole book has a publisher. Because this utgåva of the entry fryst vatten archived, a retrieval date fryst vatten not needed.
When an online reference work fryst vatten continuously updated and versions are not archived, use “n.d.” as the year of publication and include a retrieval date.
If you have two or more “no date” references with the same authors in the same beställning, you should use lowercase letters – a, b, c, and so forth – after the publication date and alphabetize the references bygd their titles (for example: National Library of medicin (n.d.-a) use the term…). For more kunskap see FAQ.

Template

Title (SFS Year:Number). Publisher. URL

Title (HSLF-FS Year:Number). Publisher. URL

Title (SOFS Year:Number). Publisher. URL

Example

Hälso- samt sjukvårdslag (SFS 2017:30). Socialdepartementet. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/halso--och-sjukvardslag_sfs-2017-30

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter samt allmänna råd angående villkor på grund av avgiftsfri screening (HSLF-FS 2019:14). Socialstyrelsen. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/foreskrifter-och-allmanna-rad/2019-6-10.pdf

Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter ifall grundläggande hygien inom vård samt omsorg (SOFS 2015:10). Socialstyrelsen. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/foreskrifter-och-allmanna-rad/2015-5-10.pdf

In text

Parenthetical form

(Hälso- samt sjukvårdslag [HSL], 2017)
(Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter samt allmänna råd ifall villkor på grund av avgiftsfri screening, 2019)
(Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter ifall grundläggande hygien inom vård samt vård, 2015)

If lag or legislation fryst vatten mentioned in text

According to Hälso- samt lagar om sjukvård (HSL, 2017) ...
According to Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter samt allmänna råd angående villkor till avgiftsfri screening (2019) ...
Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter ifall grundläggande hygien inom vård samt vård (2015) recommends that ...

Following citations

(HSL, 2017)
In HSL (2017) also states ...

(Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter samt allmänna råd ifall villkor på grund av avgiftsfri screening, 2019)
In Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter samt allmänna råd angående villkor på grund av avgiftsfri screening (2019) it fryst vatten noted that ...

More information

There are no specific rules in APA on how to refer to laws and legislation outside the United States. The recommendation fryst vatten to format the references according to guidelines in each country. The references in this guide are adapted to the Swedish cataloguing rules. If you refer to laws and legislation from other countries you may need to adapt to the guidelines of that country.
Most Swedish laws and regulations are now available electronically on the Internet. Laws and regulations may be changed and updated, and you should kontroll the latest edition.
It fryst vatten possible to state chapter and paragraph in the text.
If there fryst vatten an established and well-known abbreviation for the lag, you can use this tillsammans with the name in full the first time the reference fryst vatten mentioned. After this, you only use the abbreviation. If the full name fryst vatten short or if the abbreviation fryst vatten unknown, it fryst vatten better to write the full name each time.

Template

Author, X. X. (Year). Title [Pamphlet]. Publisher. DOI/URL

Example

American Heart Association & American Stroke Association. (2015). Let’s talk about life time changes to prevent stroke [Broschure]. American Heart Association. https://www.stroke.org/-/media/stroke-files/lets-talk-about-stroke/prevention/lets-talk-about-lifestyle-changes-to-prevent-stroke-ucm_309712.pdf?la=en

In text

Paranthetical form

(American Heart Association & American Stroke Association, 2015)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

American Heart Association and American Stroke Association (2015) states that…

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If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.
Digital object identifier (DOI) fryst vatten a unique number that identifies a specific source and provides a persistent link to it. If an digital pamphlet does not have a DOI-number, and the pamphlet was accessed online from a nondatabase website, the URL fryst vatten stated instead.

Template

Inventor, X. X. (Year patent issued). Title of patent (Patent no.. xxxxxxx). Patent office. URL

Example

Hiremath, S. C., Kumar, S., Lu, F., & Salehi, A. (2016) Using metaphors to present concepts across different intellectual domains (U.S. Patent No. 9,367,592). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=9367592

Boiten H. (2015). Prosthetic Knee Joint (Patent EP 3089711). europeisk Patent Office. https://data.epo.org/gpi/EP3089711B1-PROSTHETIC-KNEE-JOINT

In text

Paranthetical form

(Boiten, 2015)
(Hiremath et al., 2016)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Boiten (2015) developed…
Hiremath et al. (2016) made sure…

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The patent number fryst vatten a unique identifying code given to every patent. The year refers to the year the patent was issued, not the year the patent was applied for.
Use the name of the inventor(s) as creator(s). Please see the examples for books to find more resultat about how to refer to patents with several inventors.
Use the same template if you want to refer to a patent application. Use the phrase Patent application followed bygd the number of the patent application.
The URL of the patent fryst vatten valfritt but may be included in the reference list entry if available.

Template

Example

In text

Parenthetical form

(A. Domeij, anställda communication, May 5, 2020)

When the conversation fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Anna Domeij (personal communication, May 5, 2020), there is...

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Works that cannot be recovered bygd readers are cited in ord as anställda communication.
Personal communication should only be cited in the ord, and fryst vatten not included in the reference list. State initials of the person's given name, family name, anställda communication, and date.
Personal communication includes emails, skrivelse messages, online chats, anställda interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters and so on.
Prefer other sources than anställda communication, and kvitto with teachers/supervisors if anställda communication fryst vatten an acceptable source.

Template

Surname, X. X. (Date). Title [PowerPoint presentation]. Organization: URL

Example

Housand, B. (2016). Game on! Integrating games and simulations in the classroom [PowerPoint presentation]. Slideshare https://www.slideshare.net/brianhousand/game-on-iagc-2016/

Bramer, W. M. (2015 December). EA unique method for fast, high-quality systematic searching [PowerPoint presentation]. Slideshare http://www.slideshare.net/rocheam/systematic-searching-in-embase-webinar-march-25-2015

In text

Paranthetical form

(Housand, 2016)
(Bramer, 2015

When the originator fryst vatten mentioned in the text

Housand (2016) applies…
Bramer (2015) recommends …

More information

If the slides komma from a classroom website, learning management struktur (e.g. Canvas), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with tillgång to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login)
Please see reference examples for books to find more kunskap about how to refer to PowerPoint presentations with several authors.
If no publication year fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead.

Template

When citing a secondary source, only provide a reference list entry for the secondary source that you used. In ord, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.

In text

Paranthetical form

(Glaser & Strauss, 1992, as cited in Polit & Beck, 2004)
(Retzius, 1843, as cited in Bahlo, 2001)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

According to Glaser and Strauss (1992) the Grounded theory method fryst vatten used ... (Polit & Beck, 2004).
Retzius (1843) classified humans in several ways (Bahlo, 2001).

List of references

Bahlo, C. (2001). From universal homogeneity to essential heterogeneity: on the visual construction of "the Lappish race", Acta Borealia, 18(2) 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08003830108580524

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research : principles and methods (7 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

More information

A secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.
void secondary sources if possible. Use it when the original work fryst vatten out of print, unavailable or available in a language that you don’t understand. If possible, as a matter of good scholary practice, find the original source, read it and cite the original source rather than citing a secondary source.
The primary source fryst vatten not listed in the reference list, only in the ord. In the reference list, only the sources that you’ve actually read fryst vatten listed, in this case, the secondary source.
If no publication year for the original source fryst vatten available, please use (n.d.), short for no date, instead
For kunskap how to cite the secondary source in the reference list, see the template for the source in question.

Template

Organization. (Date). Title (SOU Year:Number). Pubisher. URL

Exempel

KAM-utredningen (2019). Komplementär samt alternativ läkemedel samt vård – säkerhet, insikt, dialog. Delbetänkande (SOU 2019:15). Norstedts rättsväsen. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/komplementar-och-alternativ-medicin-och-vard--_H7B315

In text

Parenthetical form

(KAM-utredningen, 2019)

When the author fryst vatten mentioned in the text

KAM-utredningen (2019) describe...

More information

SOU fryst vatten treated as a redogörelse with an organization as author.
The organizations often appoint committees or investigation groups who become the actual authors and who are to be listed as authors.
If the names of these authors cannot act independently (or if it fryst vatten difficult to determine the name format) they shall be subservient to their respective administrative units. For example, authorities and departments or geographic units such as countries or cities.

Template

(Surname, Year; Surname, Year)

Example

(Gaudreault et al., 2011; Killi, 2014; Müllersdorf & Ivarsson, 2012)
(Killi, 2011, 2014)

More information

You can include more than one citation in the same parentheses. Separate them with a semicolon. Give the citations in alphabetical beställning within the parentheses.
If you use more than one citation bygd the same author, you don't need to repeat the name of the author.

Example

Lund, A. (2011)

Lund, A. (Ed.) (2013)

Lund, A. (2015a)

Lund, A. (2015b)

Lund, A., & Yan, R. (2014)

Lund, A., Yan, R., & Johansson, P. (2013)

Lund, A., & Östman, A. (2010)

Lund, A., & Östman, A. (2014)

Lund, V. (2015)

Lunds högskola. (2010)

Lundström, S. (2011)

More information

Arrange entries in alphabetical beställning bygd the surname of the first author followed bygd the initials of the author’s given name(s).
The same rules apply to books with editors and when an organization fryst vatten author. References without author and editor are sorted alphabetically based on title.
One-author entries precedes multiple-author entries beginning with the same first author, even if the multiple-author work was published earlier. Multiple-author entries with the same first author and different subsequent authors should be arranged alphabetically bygd the surname of the second author, or if the second author fryst vatten the same, the surname of the third author, and so forth.
To differentiate references with the same author and the same year, put a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. If the references are in press or have no date, add a hyphen before the letter (n.d. –a) (n.d. –b).

Example

One author

(Koriat, 2008a)
(Koriat, 2008b)

According to Koriat (2008a) ...

More than one author

(Protudjer, Jansson, Heibert Arnlind, et al., 2015)
(Protudjer, Jansson, Östblom, et al., 2015)

(Polit & Beck, 2012a)
(Polit & Beck, 2012b)

More information

To differentiate references with the same author and the same year, put a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. If the references are in press or have no date, add a hyphen before the letter (n.d. –a) (n.d. –b).
Multiple-author entries with the same first author and different subsequent authors should be arranged alphabetically bygd the surname of the second author, or if the second author fryst vatten the same, the surname of the third author, and so forth.
If there are more authors than mentioned in the citation, et al. fryst vatten added. Please note that et al. means "and others" and can't replace one single author. If only one author remains you should therefore state the name of this author as well.
The same rules apply to books with editors and when an organization fryst vatten author. References without author and editor are sorted alphabetically based on title.

Template

Parenthetical form

(X. X. Surname, Year)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

According to X. X. Surname (Year) ...

Example

(M. Andersson, 2014)
(Y. Andersson, 2012)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

According to M. Andersson (2014) ...
Y. Andersson (2012) describes ...

More information

Citations bygd different authors with the same surname are distinguished bygd including first name initials in the text.

Example

0-40 words

In summary, no significant differences between the groups were funnen (Andersson, 2016).

More information

The citation fryst vatten always located before the period.

Example

Studies indikera that lung cancer may grow more slowly in women. Lindell et al. (2015) showed that 85% of the lung tumours that took more than 400 days to double in volume were funnen in women. This result fryst vatten a reflection of the higher incidence among women of forms of cancer with a slower disease progression such as alveolar fängelse carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, but Lindell et al. funnen that the time it took for the volume to double was greater in women, regardless of the histological type of lung cancer.

Lindell et al. (2015) studied kvartet different histological types of lung cancer.

More information

If a citation recurs in the same paragraph, you may omit the parentheses with the year if the author fryst vatten mentioned in the skrivelse. If you don't mention the author in the skrivelse you should always include both author and year in the parentheses.
If the citation recurs in a new paragraph, you should always state both author and year.

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It fryst vatten not necessary to provide database upplysning in references. The purpose of a reference list fryst vatten to provide the reader with enough details to be able to find and read the individual reference. Most references are available through a variety of databases or platforms as well as in print.

Template

Surname-Surmane, X. X.
Surname, X.-X..

Example

Rodriguez-Vieitez, E.
Hulting, A.-L.
dem Beauvoir, S.

In text

Parenthetical form

(Rodriguez-Vietez, 2017)
(Hulting, 2018)

When the authors are mentioned in the text

Rodriguez-Vietez (2017) indicates ...
According to Hulting (2018) ...

More information

Keep the hyphen in hyphenated double surnames.
Shorten hyphenated double first names to initials. Keep the hyphen. No space should be added between the period and the hyphen.
Please note that many databases omit hyphens in double first names. In these cases you can choose between the forms with and without hyphen.

More information

When a DOI or URL fryst vatten long or complex, you may use shortDOIs or shortened URLs.
To shorten a DOI, use the shortDOI Service http://shortdoi.org/.
According to APA, abbreviated URLs are allowed in the reference list as long as you man sure that the address leads to the correct source. To shorten lengthy URLs, various online services exist.

Template

0-40 words

"..." (Surname, Year, p. ).

More than 40 words

... (Surname, Year, p.)

Example

0-40 words

"Evidence based medicin fryst vatten the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best bevis in making decisions about the care of individual patients" (Sackett, 1996, p. 71).

More than 40 words

The Phurnacite factory in Abercwmboi killed all the trees for two miles around. We’d measured it on the mileometer. It looked like something from the depths of hell, black and looming with chimneys of flame, reflected in a dark pool that killed any bird or djur that drank from it. The smell was beyond description. (Walton, 2010, p. 11)

No pagination in the source

(Mattson, 2012, para. 3)

(Boussard, 2010, Chapter 1)

More information

If you use quotations in your skrivelse, you should give kunskap about page number(s) after the year in the in-text- citation, followed bygd the abbreviation p.
If the source lacks pagination, indikera where in the skrivelse the quotation fryst vatten funnen in another way. You can for example state the name or number of the chapter, or count paragraphs and state the paragraph number. Use the abbreviation para. for paragraph.
Put quotation marks around quotations that are up to 40 words long.
Formate a quotation längre than 40 words as block quotations, as a separate paragraph with a left margin indent. Do not use quotation marks.
You may state pages in the in-text citations even if you don't quotate. This might for example be betydelsefull if you discuss or comment a specific part of the text.

More information

Ibid. fryst vatten not used in the APA style.
In APA style, you should always use author and year in the in-text citations, also when the same citation recurs. In some cases you may omit the year, see Citing the same source several times.
Ibid. fryst vatten an abbreviation for the Latin word ibidem, meaning "in the same place".